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Creating an accessible table of contents is critical for ensuring that everyone, including those who use assistive technologies, can explore information effortlessly. A properly formatted table of contents enhances the experience for all users but also meets accessibility standards such as WCAG.

To make a table of contents accessible, start by using proper semantic HTML. The table of contents should be wrapped in a nav element, which informs assistive technologies that this section offers link-based navigation. Inside the nav element, create an ul list to arrange the anchors, as the list format offers clear hierarchy that screen readers can announce clearly. Each list item li should include one a element directing to the appropriate heading.

The link destination of each link should reference an existing id on the corresponding heading, ensuring that the page jumps precisely to the intended content.

Headings within the content must be correctly arranged using heading levels h1 to h6. This structure allows screen reader users to comprehend the content layout and find content faster. Never skip levels, such as jumping from h1 to h3, as this confuses navigation.

The link text must be descriptive and concise. Never use non-descriptive terms like "click here" or "learn more", use precise titles like "What Is Accessibility?" or "Fixing Common Errors". Screen readers will announce this text, so it should clearly describe the target section.

It is also crucial to apply an aria-label or aria-labelledby on the nav element if the context is not immediately clear. For example, in the presence of other navigation blocks, labeling the table of contents as "Main navigation index" helps users identify it as the primary index.

Refrain from dynamically generating the TOC via JavaScript unless strictly required, as this may create barriers for screen reader users if not implemented carefully. If you must generate it dynamically, ensure the content is communicated via ARIA live regions or by triggering focus changes appropriately.

Validating with JAWS, NVDA, and VoiceOver is critical. Use only keyboard and screen reader controls to explore the TOC to verify that each link is announced correctly, that the layout is logical, and that navigation follows a natural sequence. Also, make sure keyboard navigation works properly, meaning users can tab through each link without getting stuck or skipping items. The focus states must be clearly visible, allowing users who rely on keyboard navigation to track their current position.

Finally, ketik consider the placement of the table of contents in the document. It should appear early in the document flow, ideally near the beginning of the main content, so screen reader users can locate it immediately without having to listen to lengthy content sections first.

If the table of contents is collapsible or toggled via a button, make sure the button is correctly annotated using ARIA, such as aria-expanded and aria-controls attributes, to inform assistive technologies of its behavior.

Adhering to these guidelines, you create a table of contents that is not only visually helpful but also genuinely accessible, enabling everyone to navigate the document effortlessly.